I hope you can understand what is written. Here is an article to help
your curiosity about Islamic contributions and hopefully reflects to
you what my contributions are. It really helps.
Al-Farabi found that the notes on a string instrument follow
logarithmic numbers. He actually formed the first logarithmic table
(It was not Napier). Logarithm simplified our computations. If you
remember the slide rule as the little devil calculator, that slide
rule is based on logarithm. The slide rule was abandoned 1974 when
the first hand-held calculator was introduced. My first one was $250
HP.
Al-Battani introduced trigonometry. The terms "tangent" and "sine"
are derived from the Arabic words for the concepts involved. Tangent
became a slope and hence we have the introduction of Analytic
Geometry
by Rene Descartes followed by Calculus by Newton and Liebnitz.
Calculus is the study of slopes of functions and given the slopes one
should find the function. Logarithm plays a major role here.
Beni Musa wrote the first book on "The book of artifices." This book
was burnt in Baghdad by the Mongolians when they burnt the city. But
a copy of it is at the Vatican. Leonardo Di Vinci immitated the work
in his book of modern inventions.
Ibn Rushd (Aviroce) wrote "Allah created the Universe and He let go
of
it." He would not interfere with it. Europeans reading the book
were
either hung or imprisoned. But Europe revolted.
A Muslim learned man was a renaissance man. He had to know
everything
he could master in all fields of knowledge. Europeans took that and
built on it.
Al-Jahez, man with protruding eyes, wrote a book called "The
Animals." He introduced the Scientific Method in that book. He
would
take what Aristotle declared as a fact, set an experiment and watch
the results. His logic is impacable. Aristotle wrote that a s****
in
the desert would stand on its tail forming a stick in the ground, and
a bird suffering from heat in the sun would land on its mouth and
then
the s**** would eat it. Al-Jahez could not observe such a phenomenon
in the desert. So he analyzed the situation by saying the heat would
equally affect the s**** and the bird, and the s**** could not
possibly stand on its tail as a stick in the ground for long until a
bird lands on its mouth. So Aristotle could not possibly had
observed
such a phenomenon and an experiment of that kind could not be done.
On the light side, Al-Jahez was so smart and so ugly that he made fun
of himself. He said once while walking down the street he saw a
beautiful woman who seemed to oggle him. As the woman walked away he
followed her until the woman went up the steps into a doorway. He
followed her in. While in, the woman was standing inside with a man.
As he entered the woman pointed her finger at him and said to the
man,"Like him." Then she left. Al-Jahez asked what does she mean by
"Like him." The man answered,"She wants to paint a monkey and she
chose you."
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=AD
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RAMABRIGA POSTED:(http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.lebanon/
browse_frm/thread/246334d0a9e4a0e0/c55262951d81276f?
#c55262951d81276f)
QUOTATIONS FROM FAMOUS HISTORIANS OF SCIENCE
Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq
Full Article in the E-Book
http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/ebook1.htm
Books and E-Books
On Muslim History and Civilization
Western writers have often used the word Arabs or Muhammadans
for
Muslims and Arabic
civilization for Islamic Civilization. In other instances, the words
Saracen(ic) and Moor(ish)
are also used for Muslims (Arabs and non-Arabs) from various parts of
Europe, Africa, Arabia
and Asia. According to a tradition of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
anyone whose primary language
is Arabic is an Arab despite his ethnic origin, place of birth, or
national origin. Arabic was
the medium of communication throughout the Muslim world until a
couple
of centuries ago,
regardless of the type of activity whether religious, social or
scientific. During 800-1500
C.E. essentially all scientific works were written in Arabic. It is
only after colonization of
Muslim lands that this practice became less prevalent and in many
instances was eliminated.
George Sarton's Tribute to Muslim Scientists in the "Introduction to
the History of Science," I
"It will suffice here to evoke a few glorious names without
contem****ary equivalents in
the West: Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-
Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra,
al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-
Masudi,
al-Tabari, Abul Wafa,
'Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn
Yunus, al-Ka****, Ibn
al-Haitham, 'Ali Ibn 'Isa al-Ghazali, al-zarqab, Omar Khayyam. A
magnificent array of names
which it would not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that
the Middle Ages were
scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom
flourished within a short
period, 750 to 1100 A.D."
John William Draper in the "Intellectual Development of Europe"
"I have to deplore the systematic manner in which the literature
of Europe has continued
to put out of sight our obligations to the Muhammadans. Surely they
cannot be much longer
hidden. Injustice founded on religious rancour and national conceit
cannot be perpetuated
forever. The Arab has left his intellectual impress on Europe. He has
indelibly written it on
the heavens as any one may see who reads the names of the stars on a
common celestial globe."
Robert Briffault in the "Making of Humanity"
"It was under the influence of the arabs and Moorish revival of
culture and not in the
15th century, that a real renaissance took place. Spain, not Italy,
was the cradle of the
rebirth of Europe. After steadily sinking lower and lower into
barbarism, it had reached the
darkest depths of ignorance and degradation when cities of the
Saracenic world, Baghdad, Cairo,
Cordova, and Toledo, were growing centers of civilization and
intellectual activity. It was
there that the new life arose which was to grow into new phase of
human evolution. From the
time when the influence of their culture made itself felt, began the
stirring of new life.
"It was under their successors at Oxford School (that is,
successors to the Muslims of
Spain) that Roger Bacon learned Arabic and Arabic Sciences. Neither
Roger Bacon nor later
namesake has any title to be credited with having introduced the
experimental method. Roger
Bacon was no more than one of apostles of Muslim Science and Method
to
Christian Europe; and he
never wearied of declaring that knowledge of Arabic and Arabic
Sciences was for his
contem****aries the only way to true knowledge. Discussion as to who
was the originator of the
experimental method....are part of the colossal misinterpretation of
the origins of European
civilization. The experimental method of Arabs was by Bacon's time
widespread and eagerly
cultivated throughout Europe.
"Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab civilization
to the modern world; but
its fruits were slow in ripening. Not until long after Moorish
culture
had sunk back into
darkness did the giant, which it had given birth to, rise in his
might. It was not science only
which brought Europe back to life. Other and manifold influence from
the civilization of Islam
communicated its first glow to European Life.
"For Although there is not a single aspect of European growth in
which the decisive
influence of Islamic Culture is not traceable, nowhere is it so clear
and momentous as in the
genesis of that power which constitutes the permanent distinctive
force of the modern world,
and the supreme source of its victory, natural science and the
scientific spirit.
"The debt of our science to that of the Arabs does not consist
in
startling discoveries or
revolutionary theories, science owes a great deal more to Arab
culture, it owes its existence.
The Astronomy and Mathematics of the Greeks were a foreign
im****tation
never thoroughly
acclimatized in Greek culture. The Greeks systematized, generalized
and theorized, but the
patient ways of investigation, the ac***ulation of positive
knowledge,
the minute method of
science, detailed and prolonged observation and experimental inquiry
were altogether alien to
the Greek temperament. Only in Hellenistic Alexandria was any
approach
to scientific work
conducted in the ancient classical world. What we call science arose
in Europe as a result of
new spirit of enquiry, of new methods of experiment, observation,
measurement, of the
development of mathematics, in a form unknown to the Greeks. That
spirit and those methods were
introduced into the European world by the Arabs.
"It is highly probable that but for the Arabs, modern European
civilization would never
have arisen at all; it is absolutely certain that but for them, it
would not have assumed that
character which has enabled it to transcend all previous phases of
evolution."
Arnold and Guillaume in "Lagacy of Islam" on Islamic science and
medicine
"Looking back we may say that Islamic medicine and science
reflected the light of the
Hellenic sun, when its day had fled, and that they shone like a moon,
illuminating the darkest
night of the European middle Ages; that some bright stars lent their
own light, and that moon
and stars alike faded at the dawn of a new day - the Renaissance.
Since they had their share in
the direction and introduction of that great movement, it may
reasonably be claimed that they
are with us yet."
George Sarton in the "Introduction to the History of Science"
"During the reign of Caliph Al-Mamun (813-33 A.D.), the new
learning reached its climax.
The monarch created in Baghdad a regular school for translation. It
was equipped with a
library, one of the translators there was Hunayn Ibn Ishaq (809-77) a
particularly gifted
philosopher and physician of wide erudition, the dominating figure of
this century of
translators. We know from his own recently published Memoir that he
translated practically the
whole immense corpus of Galenic writings."
"Besides the translation of Greek works and their extracts, the
translators made manuals
of which one form, that of the 'pandects,' is typical of the period
of
Arabic learning. These
are recapitulations of the whole medicine, discussing the affections
of the body,
systematically beginning at the head and working down to the feet."
"The Muslim ideal was, it goes without saying, not visual beauty
but God in His
plentitude; that is God with all his manifestations, the stars and
the
heavens, the earth and
all nature. The Muslim ideal is thus infinite. But in dealing with
the
infinite as conceived by
the Muslims, we cannot limit ourselves to the space alone, but must
equally consider time.
"The first mathematical step from the Greek conception of a
static universe to the Islamic
one of a dynamic universe was made by Al-Khwarizmi (780-850), the
founder of modern Algebra. He
enhanced the purely arithmetical character of numbers as finite
magnitudes by demonstrating
their possibilities as elements of infinite manipulations and
investigations of properties and
relations.
"In Greek mathematics, the numbers could expand only by the
laborious process of addition
and multiplication. Khwarizmi's algebraic symbols for numbers contain
within themselves the
potentialities of the infinite. So we might say that the advance from
arithmetic to algebra
implies a step from being to 'becoming' from the Greek universe to
the
living universe of
Islam. The im****tance of Khwarizmi's algebra was recognized, in the
twelfth century, by the
West, - when Girard of Cremona translated his theses into Latin.
Until
the sixteenth century
this version was used in European universities as the principal
mathematical text book. But
Khwarizmi's influence reached far beyond the universities. We find it
reflected in the
mathematical works of Leonardo Fibinacci of Pissa, Master Jacob of
Florence, and even of
Leonardo da Vinci."
"Through their medical investigations they not merely widened
the
horizons of medicine,
but enlarged humanistic concepts generally. And once again they
brought this about because of
their over riding spiritual convictions. Thus it can hardly have been
accidental that those
researches should have led them that were inevitably beyond the reach
of Greek masters. If it
is regarded as symbolic that the most spectacular achievement of the
mid-twentieth century is
atomic fission and the nuclear bomb, likewise it would not seem
fortuitous that the early
Muslim's medical endeavor should have led to a discovery that was
quite as revolutionary though
possibly more beneficent."
"A philosophy of self-centredness, under whatever disguise,
would
be both incomprehensible
and reprehensible to the Muslim mind. That mind was incapable of
viewing man, whether in health
or sickness as isolated from God, from fellow men, and from the world
around him. It was
probably inevitable that the Muslims should have discovered that
disease need not be born
within the patient himself but may reach from outside, in other
words,
that they should have
been the first to establish clearly the existence of contagion."
"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an
eminent figure in Islamic
learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For
a
thousand years he has
retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and
medical scholars in history.
His most im****tant medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise
on Cardiac drugs. The
'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains
some of the most
illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from
pleurisy; contagious
nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil;
careful description of skin
troubles; of ***ual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments."
"We have reason to believe that when, during the crusades,
Europe
at last began to
establish hospitals, they were inspired by the Arabs of near
East....The first hospital in
Paris, Les Quinze-vingt, was founded by Louis IX after his return
from
the crusade 1254-1260."
"We find in his (Jabir, Geber) writings remarkably sound views
on
methods of chemical
research, a theory on the geologic formation of metals (the six
metals
differ essentially
because of different pro****tions of sulphur and mercury in them);
preparation of various
substances (e.g., basic lead carbonatic, arsenic and antimony from
their sulphides)."
Ibn Haytham's writings reveal his fine development of the
experimental faculty. His tables
of corresponding angles of incidence and refraction of light passing
from one medium to another
show how closely he had approached discovering the law of constancy
of
ratio of sines, later
attributed to snell. He accounted correctly for twilight as due to
atmospheric refraction,
estimating the sun's depression to be 19 degrees below the horizon,
at
the commencement of the
phenomenon in the mornings or at its termination in the evenings."
"A great deal of geographical as well as historical and
scientific knowledge is contained
in the thirty volume meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems by one of the
leading Muslim Historians,
the tenth century al Mas'udi. A more strictly geographical work is
the
dictionary 'Mujam
al-Buldan' by al-Hamami (1179-1229). This is a veritable encyclopedia
that, in going far beyond
the confines of geography, incor****ates also a great deal of
scientific lore."
"They studied, collected and described plants that might have
some utilitarian purpose,
whether in agriculture or in medicine. These excellent tendencies,
without equivalent in
Christendom, were continued during the first half of the thirteenth
century by an admirable
group of four botanists. One of these Ibn al-Baitar compiled the most
elaborate Arabic work on
the subject (Botany), in fact the most im****tant for the whole period
extending from
Dioscorides down to the sixteenth century. It was a true encyclopedia
on the subject,
incor****ating the whole Greek and Arabic experience."
"'Abd al-Malik ibn Quraib al-Asmai (739-831) was a pious Arab
who
wrote some valuable
books on human anatomy. Al-Jawaliqi who flourished in the first half
of the twelfth century and
'Abd al-Mumin who flourished in the second half of the thirteenth
century in Egypt, wrote
treatises on horses. The greatest zoologist amongst the Arabs was al-
Damiri (1405) of Egypt
whose book on animal life, 'Hayat al-Hayawan' has been translated
into
English by A.S.G.
Jayakar (London 1906, 1908)."
"The weight of venerable authority, for example that of Ptolemy,
seldom intimidated them.
They were always eager to put a theory to tests, and they never tired
of experimentation.
Though motivated and permeated by the spirit of their religion, they
would not allow dogma as
interpreted by the orthodox to stand in the way of their scientific
research."
References:
1. George Sarton, "Introduction to the History of Science, Vol. I-
IV,"
Carnegie Institute of
Wa****ngton, Baltimore, 1927-31; Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore,
1950-53.
2. Robert Briffault, "The Making of Humanity," London, 1938.
3. T. Arnold and A. Guillaume, "The Legacy of Islam," Oxford
University Press, 1931.
4. E. Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of Roman Empire," London, 1900.
http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/index.htm#scit
** Posted from http://www.teranews.com
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*********************************
http://groups.google.com/group/Imperialism_Zionism/browse_frm/thread/74f1c9d=
a2b84ccff
On May 12, 1:52=A0pm, xxa...@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
wrote:
> SO TELL ME ARAB WHATS THE ARABS ACHIEVEMENT TODAY I AM LISTEN!"
>
> On 12 May, 18:28, Aviroce <dudaras...@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
> > On May 12, 6:47 am, YhauWa <lechina3...@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> wrote:
>
> > By Ben White
> > S=E3o Paulo, Brazil
> > As Israel celebrates 60 years of statehood this month, Palestinians
> > are taking the op****tunity to remember the catastrophic shattering of
> > their society in 1948. It is not simply a question of recalling the
> > past; they continue to struggle for self-determination and to have
> > their rights recognized under international law.
>
> > Yet it is a mistake to consider the past 60 years as simply a story
> > of
> > unmitigated disaster for the Palestinian people. There have also been
> > significant successes and achievements =96 and it is a story worth
> > telling. This is all the more remarkable, given the extent to which
> > the society was devastated in 1948: Israel destroyed some 400
> > villages
> > as 85 percent of Palestinians in what became Israel were
> > dispossessed.
>
> > In spite of everything, Palestinians have not only survived but won
> > international recognition for Palestinian statehood thanks to
> > unflagging persistence. Often bereft of allies, they have struggled
> > to
> > make substantive political gains. But Palestinians inside Israel, the
> > Occupied Territories, and the dias****a have resisted Israeli
> > domination =96 and refused to just "go away."
>
> > This Palestinian resolution is embodied in the Nassars, a Christian
> > family I have come to know over the years. Owners of a beautiful
> > piece
> > of land overlooking Nahalin village to the west of Bethlehem, they
> > have seen illegal settlements spring up on the hillsides around them
> > and thus far survived attempts by the occupying Israeli military to
> > confiscate their property.
>
> > Whether blocking the path of trespassing settlers, pursuing their
> > case
> > in the courts, or connecting with sup****ters around the world, the
> > Nassars have mobilized the resources of their family and community.
> > Most inspiringly, they have developed their land to host children's
> > camps, intercultural exchange, and foreign guests, knowing that they
> > have to fight to remain on their own land.
>
> > Theirs is a victory that resonates with the historical Palestinian
> > refusal to simply accept their lot and =96 especially since the 1960s
=
=96
> > the parallel determination to organize grass-roots resistance.
> > Perhaps
> > the most significant achievement was the first intifada, a popular
> > uprising in the late 1980s that showed the Israelis that their
> > occupation came with a price, as well as displaying to the world the
> > oppressive reality of Israeli policy.
>
> > A further profound achievement of the past few decades has been the
> > flouri****ng of Palestinian civil society. Emphasizing democratic
> > participation and education, these refugee camp community centers,
> > dance troupes, media organizations, and human rights groups have
> > offered vital strength to a besieged society. It was in part due to
> > this deeply rooted culture of active citizen****p that the
> > Palestinians
> > were able to hold elections that in their professionalism and
> > transparency were the envy of the Arab world.
>
> > Building on a vibrant tradition of intellectual life, Palestinian
> > scholars and academics have risen to global prominence in recent
> > decades, not only as advocates of their people's struggle, but also
> > as
> > figures of repute in their own disciplines.
>
> > Meanwhile, drawing on their rich cultural and religious heritage, as
> > well as the experience of exile and struggle, Palestinian writers,
> > poets, artists, filmmakers, and even hip-hop artists have contributed
> > much, not only to their own people, but to the whole world.
>
> > Historically, one obstacle to peace has been the fact that Israel
> > felt
> > able to pursue its policies of dispossession and occupation without
> > much international attention. This was closely related to the fact
> > that the Zionist mythologized version of what had happened in 1948
> > went unchallenged in the West =96 and within Israel =96 for a long
time.=
>
> > Now, however, through such factors as the Israeli "New Historians,"
> > the tireless efforts of campaigners, and new media technology that
> > enables wide dissemination of "on the ground" information," the
> > Palestinians have been able to force cracks in the Israeli propaganda
> > facade.
>
> > Meanwhile, international solidarity with the Palestinian cause has
> > increased substantially. The question of Palestine is now loud and
> > persistent, despite attempts to drown it out.
>
> > Still, formidable obstacles remain. Israel continues to enjoy the
> > whole-hearted sup****t of the so-called international community,
> > albeit
> > with occasional wrist-slapping. Much of the discussion in the West is
> > still shaped by Zionist assumptions and an Israeli-centric
> > perspective. Palestinians are treated as natives who must "earn" the
> > right to self-determination, dignity, security, and freedom.
>
> > Some Palestinians have also unwittingly created barriers to further
> > progress. The first intifada's positive energy got channeled into the
> > bureaucratic institutions of the Palestinian Authority, while bitter
> > divisions were often created between groups like Hamas and Fatah.
>
> > Meanwhile, Palestinian political unity and a strategic, principled
> > resistance have often been in short supply. Score-settling,
> > corruption, and the interference of third parties remain major
> > obstacles.
>
> > The Palestinians would also gain by a collective agreement to halt
> > attacks on Israeli civilians. As well as the moral dimension, it's
> > good politics, too. It could even form part of a broader ****ft toward
> > less "elitist" resistance strategies based on mass, popular
> > participation. But it should not be confused with the hypocrisy of
> > simultaneously demanding Palestinian pacifism while acquiescing to
> > Israeli military attacks.
>
> > Sixty years is a long time. So this anniversary, it's most
> > appropriate
> > to recognize Palestinian sumud, or steadfastness. It is the Nassars
> > struggling through roadblocks and checkpoints with their children and
> > farm tools, planting olive trees in the shadow of Israeli
> > settlements,
> > determined and dignified.
>
> > Against all odds, millions of Palestinians have remained =96 working
> > the
> > land, starting businesses, marrying, having children, mourning the
> > dead. In the face of determined efforts to marginalize, even erase,
> > their homeland and society, they have continued to live life in all
> > its fullness, the best possible foundation for greater victories
> > still
> > in the next 60 years.
>
> > =95 Ben White is a freelance journalist specializing in the Middle
> > East.
>
> > Full HTML version of this story which may include photos, graphics,
> > and related links
> > (Monitor opinion editor Josh Burek speaks with journalist Ben White
> > about Palestinians, 60 years after the birth of Israel
>
> >
************************************************************************=
***=AD=AD************************
> > RESPONSE BY AVIROCE:
>
> > =A0 THIS ARTICLE SPEAKS WELL OF THE ISSUES FACING THE PEOPLE OF
> > PALESTINE.
>
> > PALESTINIANS ARE NOT GOING TO BE EFACED. =A0BACK IN 1973, I DECLARED
IN
> > TIME MAGAZINE "PALESTINE AND THE PALESTINIANS ARE INDESTRUCTIBLE" AND
> > I BELIEVE WHAT I WROTE AND WHAT I WROTE IS COMING TO FRUITION.
>
> > BUT "The Palestinians would also gain by a collective agreement to
> > halt
> > attacks on Israeli civilians. As well as the moral dimension, it's
> > good politics, too. It could even form part of a broader ****ft toward
> > less "elitist" resistance strategies based on mass, popular
> > participation. But it should not be confused with the hypocrisy of
> > simultaneously demanding Palestinian pacifism while acquiescing to
> > Israeli military attacks." IS PROBLEMATIC.
>
> > IT IS TERROR AND MILITARY RESISTANCE THAT PUT THE PALESTINIAN ISSUES
> > ON THE FRONT BURNER. =A0TO STOP SUCH ACTIVITIES WILL NULLIFY THEIR
> > EFFECTIVENESS. =A0ISRAEL AND JEWS IN GENERAL ARE NOT EASY NEGOTIATORS.
> > THEY PLAY HARD BALL. =A0WITH MOST OF THE POWER IN THEIR HANDS,
> > PALESTINIANS WILL GET NOTHING. =A0MILITARY RESISTANCE IS THE ONLY WAY.
> > CIVILIANS ARE BENEFICIARIES OF ISRAELI INSTRANSIGENCE AND THEREFORE
> > ARE LEGITIMATE TARGETS. =A0THESE BENEFICIARIES CAN CHANGE THEIR
> > LEADER****PS' POLICIES AS THEY SUFFER THE CONSEQUENCE OF POLICIES OF
> > PALESTINIAN ANNIHILATION BY ISRAEL AND EXPROPRIATION OF PALESTINIAN
> > LAND BY JEWS.
>
> TELL ME ARAB WHY THE ARABS KILL EACH OTHER EVERYDAY?- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -
|
